C++中的位运算符：与、或、异或详解-洪萨配资

在 C++ 中，位运算符用于对整数类型的二进制位进行操作，包括与（&）、或（|）、异或（^）等。它们直接作用于内存中的二进制位，运算效率极高，常用于底层编程（如驱动开发、嵌入式）、数据压缩、加密等场景。以下是详细解析：

一、基础概念

位运算的操作对象是整数的二进制补码形式（C++ 中整数默认以补码存储），运算时按“位对齐”，逐位进行操作（不影响其他位）。例如，对整数a = 6（二进制0110）和b = 11（二进制1011）进行位运算时，对齐方式如下：

代码语言：javascript

AI代码解释

a: 0110 b: 1011 ---------- （按位操作） 结果: xxxx

二、与运算符（&）

运算规则：两位都为1时，结果为1；否则为0（同真为真）。1 & 1 = 1，1 & 0 = 0，0 & 1 = 0，0 & 0 = 0。

示例：

代码语言：javascript

AI代码解释

int a = 6; // 二进制：0110 int b = 11; // 二进制：1011 int c = a & b; // 0110 & 1011 = 0010（十进制 2）

常用场景：

清零特定位：将某几位与0相与，可将其清零（其他位与1相与保持不变）。例如，清零a的低 2 位：a & 0xfffffffc（假设 32 位整数，0xfffffffc二进制为11111111...1100）。
判断奇偶：二进制末位为1是奇数，为0是偶数。通过a & 1结果判断：a & 1 == 1→ 奇数；a & 1 == 0→ 偶数。
提取特定位：与一个“掩码”（特定位为1，其余为0）相与，可提取对应位的值。例如，提取a的第 3 位（从 0 开始计数）：(a & (1 << 3)) != 0。

三、或运算符（|）

运算规则：两位中至少有一个为1时，结果为1；否则为0（一真即真）。1 | 1 = 1，1 | 0 = 1，0 | 1 = 1，0 | 0 = 0。

示例：

代码语言：javascript

AI代码解释

int a = 6; // 0110 int b = 11; // 1011 int c = a | b; // 0110 | 1011 = 1111（十进制 15）

常用场景：

设置特定位为 1：将某几位与1相或，可强制其为1（其他位与0相或保持不变）。例如，将a的低 2 位设为1：a | 0x3（0x3二进制为11）。
合并位信息：将多个变量的不同位组合到一个整数中。例如，将x的低 4 位和y的高 4 位合并：(y & 0xf0) | (x & 0x0f)。

四、异或运算符（^）

运算规则：两位不同时结果为1，相同时为0（异为真）。1 ^ 1 = 0，1 ^ 0 = 1，0 ^ 1 = 1，0 ^ 0 = 0。

示例：

代码语言：javascript

AI代码解释

int a = 6; // 0110 int b = 11; // 1011 int c = a ^ b; // 0110 ^ 1011 = 1101（十进制 13）

常用场景：

翻转特定位：将某几位与1异或，可翻转其值（0→1或1→0）；与0异或保持不变。例如，翻转a的低 3 位：a ^ 0x7（0x7二进制为111）。

交换两个数（无需临时变量）：

代码语言：javascript

AI代码解释

int x = 3, y = 5; x = x ^ y; // x 现在是 x^y y = x ^ y; // y = (x^y)^y = x（y 被赋值为原来的 x） x = x ^ y; // x = (x^y)^x = y（x 被赋值为原来的 y）

消除重复值：连续异或同一个数两次，结果不变（a ^ a = 0，0 ^ a = a）。例如，在数组中找到唯一不重复的元素（其他元素出现两次）：

代码语言：javascript

AI代码解释

int findUnique(int arr[], int n) { int res = 0; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) res ^= arr[i]; return res; // 最终 res 为唯一不重复的元素 }

五、注意事项

操作数类型：位运算符仅适用于整数类型（int、long、char等），不可用于浮点数。
符号位处理：对于有符号整数（如int），符号位（最高位）会参与运算，可能导致意想不到的结果（建议对无符号整数unsigned使用位运算）。
优先级：位运算符优先级低于算术运算符和关系运算符，建议使用括号明确运算顺序。例如(a & b) == c而非a & b == c。

通过位运算符，可高效处理二进制级别的操作，是 C++ 底层编程的重要工具。掌握其规则和场景，能显著提升代码性能和灵活性。在 C++ 中，位运算符用于对整数类型的二进制位进行操作，包括与（&）、或（|）、异或（^）等。它们直接作用于内存中的二进制位，运算效率极高，常用于底层编程（如驱动开发、嵌入式）、数据压缩、加密等场景。以下是详细解析：

book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/062424.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/735737.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/482444.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/848246.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/755937.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/082402.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/064862.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/004066.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/604028.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/846406.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/280424.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/266800.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/026648.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/248022.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/246486.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/464604.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/406640.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/406006.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/486066.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/488006.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/626804.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/868064.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/800460.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/515999.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/886886.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/026026.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/060426.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/644646.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/802828.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/711917.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/820286.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/400842.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/806886.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/399593.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/400064.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/991397.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/840600.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/955939.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/757537.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/317173.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/642040.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/648664.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/862022.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/260846.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/171553.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/486222.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/337599.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/480640.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/082484.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/062288.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/200442.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/204240.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/468222.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/482662.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/884042.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/220044.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/666848.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/448440.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/719311.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/222608.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/624404.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/753359.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/206660.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/684208.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/919771.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/551977.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/957599.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/286866.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/860666.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/779559.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/153993.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/357377.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/799953.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/268482.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/551557.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/864046.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/399731.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/371535.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/028842.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/480486.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/266666.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/400426.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/028444.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/224620.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/082024.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/882844.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/068864.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/539313.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/715999.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/606808.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/660460.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/822884.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/260824.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/244860.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/159951.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/000086.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/846628.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/820482.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/066482.SHTML
book.mtombfh.cn/ArTicle/264428.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/484428.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/426086.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/888666.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/842608.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/428468.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/246882.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/735117.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/004202.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/442224.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/088846.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/937353.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/266002.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/208848.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/317311.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/264220.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/266064.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/733993.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/880444.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/600408.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/315115.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/717773.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/006466.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/006682.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/139933.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/842246.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/846686.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/446406.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/800864.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/228206.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/575175.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/040480.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/846620.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/488688.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/377751.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/759155.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/608668.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/117935.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/244404.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/424466.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/662660.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/335931.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/977391.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/884462.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/860820.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/680024.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/486422.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/599551.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/955975.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/660488.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/440428.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/880646.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/600680.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/402602.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/422688.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/808040.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/048068.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/226248.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/086420.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/779159.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/939599.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/955173.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/684806.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/844666.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/666600.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/862208.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/046026.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/402208.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/828002.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/884844.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/440248.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/220404.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/220840.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/442642.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/553375.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/377399.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/797319.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/351133.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/688264.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/797519.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/648068.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/771133.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/339951.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/400860.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/404262.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/080422.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/244028.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/844480.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/040826.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/806088.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/080882.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/686842.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/648628.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/575933.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/408660.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/882442.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/484080.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/682802.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/993575.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/119931.SHTML
book.uxchiep.cn/ArTicle/379993.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/424248.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/753111.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/680064.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/020602.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/086224.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/480660.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/484444.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/246224.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/060862.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/462002.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/602022.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/397519.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/066848.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/622424.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/082660.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/006666.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/000066.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/604884.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/066206.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/860460.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/866622.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/486284.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/840882.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/531157.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/226202.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/208028.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/551311.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/042608.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/775113.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/191959.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/880284.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/462424.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/860682.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/331519.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/222220.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/686848.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/660640.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/604420.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/955951.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/406226.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/024266.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/440668.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/000620.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/799735.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/426428.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/426408.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/640244.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/622468.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/179311.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/448444.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/622006.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/220200.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/171579.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/862068.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/280888.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/575795.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/597551.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/646620.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/826046.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/311133.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/224226.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/517713.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/555153.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/266064.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/606420.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/002868.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/862806.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/317515.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/537995.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/597113.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/626866.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/886808.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/680008.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/282026.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/660606.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/555591.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/808246.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/917739.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/777557.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/755151.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/800406.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/731711.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/640062.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/711911.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/084060.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/882086.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/604860.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/753533.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/913115.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/713131.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/044602.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/868244.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/666004.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/915155.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/404446.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/060068.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/486442.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/646664.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/937175.SHTML
book.qiuzffc.cn/ArTicle/464882.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/402662.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/795193.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/424888.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/488420.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/537137.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/460808.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/086866.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/824640.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/684666.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/555371.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/422886.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/448480.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/802000.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/139577.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/488082.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/448622.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/402246.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/462220.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/359137.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/644266.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/062606.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/886622.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/133515.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/868468.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/286260.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/739717.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/133557.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/008428.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/175375.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/002282.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/135113.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/775111.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/226860.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/088880.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/393953.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/424482.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/428622.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/622402.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/880462.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/666240.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/711315.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/573751.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/824664.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/440642.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/993979.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/139397.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/559957.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/955575.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/539779.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/420624.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/775951.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/442404.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/286488.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/684402.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/888264.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/535597.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/024046.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/759739.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/260228.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/486626.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/551991.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/715337.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/137599.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/262268.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/606200.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/555179.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/797371.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/971531.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/246266.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/844406.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/420264.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/535999.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/208666.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/866824.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/888022.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/682804.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/555739.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/448284.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/537791.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/068062.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/555195.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/200604.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/264428.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/042046.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/820026.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/406462.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/575997.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/084608.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/335575.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/791353.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/428866.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/319193.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/000442.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/171517.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/137117.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/331333.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/266808.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/911995.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/993797.SHTML
book.gelzhpf.cn/ArTicle/600844.SHTML