类变量和全局变量的生命周期分别是多久？

类变量和全局变量的生命周期核心差异在于创建时机、存活范围、销毁条件，本质由它们的 “归属对象”（类 vs 模块）决定，以下是分维度的精准解析：

一、先明确核心前提

Python 中变量的生命周期依附于其所属的命名空间对象：

• 类变量 → 依附于「类对象」（class定义的对象）；
• 全局变量 → 依附于「模块对象」（.py文件对应的模块对象）。

二、类变量的生命周期

1. 创建时机

当解释器执行到class定义块时，会先创建类对象（命名空间），再将类体中的变量绑定为类对象的属性 ——此时类变量正式创建。

python

运行

print("类定义前") # 执行到这里时，MyClass还未创建，类变量x不存在 class MyClass: x = 10 # 执行到这行，类对象MyClass创建，类变量x绑定到MyClass print("类定义后") # 此时x已存在，可通过MyClass.x访问

2. 存活阶段

类变量的存活期 = 类对象的存活期：

• 程序运行期间，类对象默认不会被垃圾回收（除非满足极端条件）；
• 只要类对象存在（可通过MyClass引用），类变量就一直存在，所有实例均可访问。

3. 销毁时机（仅以下场景会销毁）

• 显式删除类对象：del MyClass（删除后类变量随类对象被回收）；
• 类对象失去所有引用且触发垃圾回收（极少发生，比如动态创建的匿名类）；
• 程序退出 / 解释器关闭（所有对象都会被销毁）。

示例：

python

运行

class TempClass: val = "临时类变量" # 显式删除类，类变量随类对象销毁 del TempClass # print(TempClass.val) # 报错：NameError（类已不存在）

三、全局变量的生命周期

1. 创建时机

全局变量在模块被加载 / 执行时创建：

• 若模块是程序入口（直接运行）：解释器从上到下执行模块代码，遇到全局变量定义时立即创建；
• 若模块被导入（import module）：导入时执行模块代码，创建全局变量并缓存（后续重复导入不会重复创建）。

python

运行

# test.py（模块） print("全局变量创建前") global_var = 20 # 执行到这行，全局变量global_var创建（属于test模块） print("全局变量创建后")

运行python test.py或import test时，global_var会在执行到定义行时创建。

2. 存活阶段

全局变量的存活期 = 模块对象的存活期：

• 模块被导入后，会被缓存到sys.modules中，模块对象默认一直存在；
• 只要模块对象未被卸载，全局变量就持续存在，模块内的所有代码（类、函数）均可访问。

3. 销毁时机

• 显式卸载模块：通过sys.modules.pop("模块名")移除模块缓存，且模块对象无其他引用时，全局变量随模块对象回收；
• 程序退出 / 解释器关闭（所有模块对象被销毁）；
• 交互式环境中重启解释器（比如 IPython 执行restart）。

示例：

python

运行

import sys # 定义全局变量 g = "模块全局变量" print(g) # 正常访问 # 卸载模块（假设当前模块是__main__） sys.modules.pop("__main__") # print(g) # 极端场景下可能报错（模块被卸载）

四、核心对比表

五、关键补充

1. 局部覆盖不影响生命周期：
   • 实例创建同名变量（obj.x = 100），仅屏蔽类变量访问，类变量本身仍存活；
   • 函数内声明global_var = 0（无global），仅创建局部变量，全局变量仍存活。
2. 动态修改不改变生命周期：
   • 类变量（MyClass.x = 20）、全局变量（global_var = 30）的修改，仅改变值，不影响变量本身的存活期。
3. 内存优化：类变量和全局变量在程序运行期间通常不会被自动回收，因此避免在其中存储大体积临时数据（易导致内存占用过高）。

总结

• 类变量：“生” 于类定义执行，“死” 于类对象被删除 / 程序退出，生命周期与类强绑定；
• 全局变量：“生” 于模块加载，“死” 于模块被卸载 / 程序退出，生命周期与模块强绑定；
• 两者在常规程序运行中（无显式删除 / 卸载操作），生命周期几乎等同于整个程序的运行期。

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https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116845
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116965
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116789
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8117105
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116618
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116737
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116566
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116615
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116731
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116781
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116892
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8117008
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8117101
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116647
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116870
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116985
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8117077
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116646
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116758
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116980
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8117071
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116644
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116759
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116868
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116990
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8117073
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116645
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116762
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116983
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8117076
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116561
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116617
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116729
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116840
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116954
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116560
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116614
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116728
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116955
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116613
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116726
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116837
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116952
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116559
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116612
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116727
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116953
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116367
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116418
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116500
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116541
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116369
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116416
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116461
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116504
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116534
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116366
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116458
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116537
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116372
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116412
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116460
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116505
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116362
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116531
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116411
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116371
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116502
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116459
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116503
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116361
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116543
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116396
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116448
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116368
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116497
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116501
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116370
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116538
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116407
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116401
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116452
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116455
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116532
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116499
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116529
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116535
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116409
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116457
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116496
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116546
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116354
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116402
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116454
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116488
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116351
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116398
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116446
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116491
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116545
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116394
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116360
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116450
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116419
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116494
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116356
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116536
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116358
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116439
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116417
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116495
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116449
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116539
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116493
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116415
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116533
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116490
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116353
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116542
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116437
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116484
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116528
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116350
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116413
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116363
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116441
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116406
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116530
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116445
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116492
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116527
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116359
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116404
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116442
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116489
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116526
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116357
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116397
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116438
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116487
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116523
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116355
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116393
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116435
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116485
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116525
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116352
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116384
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116481
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116519
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116451
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116521
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116349
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116399
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116474
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116390
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116443
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116478
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116517
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116392
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116482
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116388
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116436
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116473
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116516
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116346
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116385
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116434
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116477
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116514
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116343
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116431
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116479
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116522
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116340
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116429
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116476
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116524
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116338
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116391
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116425
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116344
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116395
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116470
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116515
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116518
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116336
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116468
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116520
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116342
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116387
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116432
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116466
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116513
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116341
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116386
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116430
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116509
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116383
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116426
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116471
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116512
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116337
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116427
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116335
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116480
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116380
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116510
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116424
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116469
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116511
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116334
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116379
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116467
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8116508