类变量和全局变量的作用域分别是什么？

类变量和全局变量的作用域核心差异在于可见范围的边界：全局变量的作用域是「整个模块」，类变量的作用域是「类的命名空间」（及子类 / 实例）。下面从定义、访问规则、边界限制、示例验证四个维度拆解，让作用域的边界更清晰。

一、核心定义：作用域的 “管辖范围”

二、全局变量的作用域：模块内 “无死角”，跨模块需导入

全局变量的作用域以模块为边界，核心规则：

1. 模块内的访问规则

• 模块内的所有代码（包括类、函数、顶层代码）无需额外声明即可直接读取全局变量；
• 函数 / 类内修改全局变量需用global声明（否则会创建局部变量）；
• 类内可直接读取 / 修改（需global）全局变量，无额外限制。

2. 跨模块的访问规则

• 其他模块需通过import 模块名或from 模块名 import 全局变量名导入后才能访问；
• 全局变量无法 “继承”，跨模块只能显式导入，无隐式可见性。

示例验证全局变量作用域

python

运行

# test_global.py（模块级） global_var = "模块全局值" # 全局变量，作用域覆盖整个test_global.py # 1. 顶层代码直接访问（✅） print(global_var) # 输出：模块全局值 # 2. 函数内访问/修改 def func1(): # 读取：无需声明（✅） print(f"函数内读取全局变量：{global_var}") def func2(): global global_var # 修改需声明global（否则创建局部变量） global_var = "函数内修改全局变量" func1() # 输出：函数内读取全局变量：模块全局值 func2() print(global_var) # 输出：函数内修改全局变量（全局变量已改） # 3. 类内访问/修改 class MyClass: def method(self): global global_var # 类内方法修改全局变量，仍需global global_var = "类内修改全局变量" obj = MyClass() obj.method() print(global_var) # 输出：类内修改全局变量 # 跨模块访问（另一文件test_other.py） # import test_global # print(test_global.global_var) # 需导入才能访问，否则报错NameError

全局变量作用域的边界总结

• ✅ 可见：当前模块内的所有位置（顶层、函数、类、方法）；
• ❌ 不可见：未导入的其他模块（需显式导入）；
• ⚠️ 修改限制：函数 / 类内修改需global声明，否则创建局部变量。

三、类变量的作用域：类命名空间内 “专属”，向外需显式引用

类变量的作用域以类的命名空间为核心，延伸至子类和实例，但无法 “穿透” 到模块顶层 / 其他类（除非显式引用），核心规则：

1. 类内部的访问规则

• 类体内部（方法 / 类方法 / 静态方法）可直接通过类名.类变量或cls.类变量（类方法）访问 / 修改；
• 实例方法内可通过self.类变量读取（优先读实例变量，无则读类变量），但self.类变量 = 值会创建实例变量，而非修改类变量。

2. 类外部的访问规则

• 模块内其他代码（顶层 / 函数 / 其他类）需通过类名.类变量显式访问（无法直接写类变量名）；
• 子类可继承父类的类变量，作用域延伸至子类（子类可直接子类名.类变量访问，重写则覆盖子类作用域）；
• 实例可通过实例.类变量读取（无实例变量时），但无法直接修改类变量。

示例验证类变量作用域

python

运行

# test_class.py（模块级） class MyClass: class_var = "类变量初始值" # 类变量，作用域：MyClass的命名空间 # 1. 类方法内访问/修改（✅） @classmethod def cls_method(cls): cls.class_var = "类方法修改类变量" # 用cls修改，作用域覆盖整个类 # 2. 实例方法内读取（✅），修改需注意 def ins_method(self): print(f"实例方法读取类变量：{self.class_var}") # 读取（✅） self.class_var = "实例变量覆盖" # 创建实例变量，非修改类变量 # 3. 类外部（模块顶层）访问：需显式用类名（✅） print(MyClass.class_var) # 输出：类变量初始值 # print(class_var) # ❌ 直接访问报错：NameError（类变量不在模块作用域） # 4. 函数内访问类变量：需显式用类名（✅） def outer_func(): print(f"外部函数访问类变量：{MyClass.class_var}") outer_func() # 输出：外部函数访问类变量：类变量初始值 # 5. 子类继承：作用域延伸至子类（✅） class ChildClass(MyClass): pass print(ChildClass.class_var) # 输出：类变量初始值（继承父类类变量） ChildClass.class_var = "子类覆盖" # 子类作用域内覆盖，不影响父类 print(MyClass.class_var) # 输出：类变量初始值（父类未变） # 6. 实例访问：读取（✅），修改需避坑 obj = MyClass() print(obj.class_var) # 输出：类变量初始值（读取类变量） obj.ins_method() # 输出：实例方法读取类变量：类变量初始值 print(obj.class_var) # 输出：实例变量覆盖（已创建实例变量） print(MyClass.class_var) # 输出：类变量初始值（类变量未变）

类变量作用域的边界总结

• ✅ 可见：类体内部（所有方法）、子类（继承）、实例（读取）、模块内其他代码（通过类名.类变量）；
• ❌ 不可见：直接在模块顶层 / 函数内写类变量名（需显式类名.）、未导入的其他模块（需import 类后通过类名.）；
• ⚠️ 修改限制：实例直接赋值会创建实例变量，仅类名.类变量/cls.类变量能真正修改类变量。

四、类变量 vs 全局变量 作用域对比表

五、关键补充：易混淆的 “作用域穿透” 问题

1. 类变量不会 “穿透” 到模块作用域：即使类定义在模块顶层，类变量也无法像全局变量一样直接在模块顶层访问（必须加类名.），这是类命名空间的隔离性决定的。
2. 全局变量会 “穿透” 到类 / 函数内部：全局变量在类 / 函数内可直接读取（无需前缀），这是模块作用域的 “穿透性”，但修改需global声明。
3. 嵌套作用域的优先级：当局部变量（函数 / 方法内）、类变量、全局变量同名时，访问优先级为：局部变量 > 实例变量 > 类变量 > 全局变量 > 内置变量。

总结

• 全局变量：模块级可见，模块内 “随处可读”（修改需global），跨模块需导入模块；
• 类变量：类级可见，需通过类名/实例/子类访问，模块内无法直接裸写，类间隔离性更强；
• 核心区别：全局变量的作用域是 “扁平的模块”，类变量的作用域是 “嵌套的类命名空间”，前者更 “开放”，后者更 “封闭”（隔离性更好）。

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https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015030
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015071
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015356
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8014882
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8014921
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015026
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015066
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015360
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8014884
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8014920
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015025
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015067
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015347
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015728
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015761
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8015888
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8018718
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8018842
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016443
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016543
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017097
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017793
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016441
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016541
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016636
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017103
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017792
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016442
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016542
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017110
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017790
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016440
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016538
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016633
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017100
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017794
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016540
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016634
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017107
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017795
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016438
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016539
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016631
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017102
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017787
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016437
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016537
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016630
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017086
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017777
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016436
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016536
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016628
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017098
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017785
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016433
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016534
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016626
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017087
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017782
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016434
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8016535
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017111
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8017781
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019732
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020436
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020839
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019727
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019731
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020100
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020430
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020835
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020094
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020432
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020838
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019730
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020091
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020433
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020836
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019729
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020090
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020428
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020837
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019726
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020092
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020426
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020833
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019728
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020086
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020429
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020831
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019723
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020083
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020423
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020830
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019721
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020418
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020828
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019716
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020081
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020411
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020825
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019720
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020079
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020415
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020827
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019717
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020084
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020425
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020822
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019715
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020082
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020421
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020819
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019714
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020080
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020413
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020823
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019712
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020077
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020410
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019709
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020105
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020403
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020817
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019710
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020074
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020401
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020814
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019705
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020399
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020810
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019704
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020103
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020420
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020813
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019703
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020102
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020424
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020829
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019700
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020095
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020408
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020824
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019702
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020097
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020412
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020832
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019695
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020076
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020414
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020826
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020078
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020398
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020821
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019694
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020073
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020818
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019690
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020075
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020402
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020807
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019696
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020068
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020405
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020809
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019699
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020400
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020815
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019689
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020069
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020811
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019693
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020067
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020396
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020805
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019682
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020065
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020390
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020797
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019683
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020063
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020386
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020798
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8019684
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020382
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020794
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020974
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020999
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8020976
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8021000

https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026549
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026537
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026529
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026978
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026977
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027427
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027858
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026966
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026972
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027860
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026525
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027441
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028215
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026974
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027855
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027426
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028228
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027421
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026544
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026535
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028227
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027438
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026969
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027850
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028224
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027852
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027424
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028223
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027853
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026530
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028225
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026967
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026527
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027423
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026965
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027849
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027422
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028222
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027848
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028219
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026523
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8026964
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027420
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8027847
https://avg.163.com/topic/detail/8028217