macOS系统上或首次使用Python的urllib模块时出现 ssl.SSLCertVerificationError 错误
今天在macOS系统上运行如下的Python代码时报错：
fromurllib.requestimporturlopenfrombs4importBeautifulSoup html=urlopen('http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html')bs=BeautifulSoup(html.read(),'html.parser')print(bs.h1)首先我在macOS中运行pip install beautifulsoup4安装了beautifulsoup4库，并且同样的代码在Windows11上正常运行，所以代码没有什么问题，后面Google搜索了一下找到了解决方法。
报错如下：
$ python scrapetest.py Traceback(most recent call last): File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line1319,indo_open h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers, ~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/http/client.py", line1338,inrequest self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/http/client.py", line1384,in_send_request self.endheaders(body,encode_chunked=encode_chunked)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/http/client.py", line1333,inendheaders self._send_output(message_body,encode_chunked=encode_chunked)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/http/client.py", line1093,in_send_output self.send(msg)~~~~~~~~~^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/http/client.py", line1037,insend self.connect()~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/http/client.py", line1479,inconnect self.sock=self._context.wrap_socket(self.sock, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^server_hostname=server_hostname)^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/ssl.py", line455,inwrap_socketreturnself.sslsocket_class._create(~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^sock=sock, ^^^^^^^^^^...<5lines>...session=session ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^)^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/ssl.py", line1076,in_create self.do_handshake()~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/ssl.py", line1372,indo_handshake self._sslobj.do_handshake()~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ ssl.SSLCertVerificationError:[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]certificate verify failed: unable to getlocalissuer certificate(_ssl.c:1028)During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback(most recent call last): File"/Users/chufengcao/WorkSpace/PythonProjects/python-scraping-demo-ccf/scrapetest.py", line4,in<module>html=urlopen('http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html')File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line189,inurlopenreturnopener.open(url, data,timeout)~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line495,inopenresponse=meth(req, response)File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line604,inhttp_response response=self.parent.error('http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs)File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line527,inerror result=self._call_chain(*args)File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line466,in_call_chain result=func(*args)File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line720,inhttp_error_302returnself.parent.open(new,timeout=req.timeout)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line489,inopenresponse=self._open(req, data)File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line506,in_open result=self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +'_open', req)File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line466,in_call_chain result=func(*args)File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line1367,inhttps_openreturnself.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req, ~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^context=self._context)^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File"/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/lib/python3.13/urllib/request.py", line1322,indo_open raise URLError(err)urllib.error.URLError:<urlopen error[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]certificate verify failed: unable to getlocalissuer certificate(_ssl.c:1028)>关键错误信息为：urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1028)>
问题原因
macOS 上的 Python 可能无法访问系统默认证书。最可靠的解决方法通常是运行 Python 安装包中提供的特定脚本来安装或更新 certifi 包，该包提供了一个经过整理的根证书列表。
解决方法
macOS 上的 Python 可能无法访问系统默认证书。最可靠的解决方法通常是运行 Python 安装包中提供的特定脚本来安装或更新 certifi 包，该包提供了一个经过整理的根证书列表。
1.打开终端。
2.运行以下命令（该命令专门用于 macOS 上的 Python 安装）：
/Applications/Python\3.13/Install\Certificates.command注意：如果您以不同的方式安装 Python，路径可能会略有不同。从您的回溯信息来看，路径 /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.13/ 可能是 Python 的安装位置。）运行此脚本后，请再次尝试运行您的python scrapetest.py脚本。
重新运行python scrapetest.py脚本，得到如下的结果：
<h1>An Interesting Title</h1>
