C++中看似简单的 min 和 max 函数隐藏的细节

一、简介

最小值和最大值是非常简单的函数，没有太多可说的，真的是这样吗？

最小值和最大值是非常基本的概念，但也可能存在一些细节上的问题和需要注意的地方。本文将深入探讨C++标准库里的std::min、std::max等相关函数的用法和注意事项。

二、基本算法

2.1、min 和 max

从功能上讲，std::min和std::max确实在做很简单的事情：它们接受两个值，std::min返回两个值中较小的那个，std::max返回两个值中较大的那个。

函数原型：

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

template<typename T> const T& min(const T& a, const T& b);

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

template<typename T> const T& max(const T& a, const T& b);

注意返回类型是一个引用(指向const)。即可以实例化指向较小或较大值的引用，从而避免进行复制。因为它是const，所以不能通过这个引用修改原始值。

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

int a = 2; int b = 3; const int& minValue = std::min(a, b);

这个示例中取最小值时不会复制任何对象。对于整型类型来说，这有点过分，但对于一般情况来说，知道这一点很有用。

不过要小心引用的生命周期！如果将作为最小值的值销毁了，那么引用将指向一个不再存在的对象。即使minValue是一个指向常量的引用，情况也是如此。实际上，由常量引用保存的临时对象是来自std::min的对象，而不是传递进来的那个对象。为了说明这一点，可以看一下下面代码：

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代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

#include<iostream> #include <algorithm> int get2() { return 2; } int get3() { return 3; } int main(){ const int& minValue = std::min(get2(), get3()); std::cout << minValue << '\n'; return 0; }

我们可能期望这段代码会显示 2，std::min产生的临时变量被const引用保留了下来，但get2产生的临时变量在std::min执行后就被销毁了。

2.2、min_element 和 max_element

std::min和std::max有对应的*_element来操作值的范围：std::min_element和std::max_element。

std::min和std::max返回的是较大和较小的值，而std::min_element和std::max_element以迭代器的形式返回较大和较小元素的位置：

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

template<typename ForwardIt> ForwardIt min_element(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last);

这种需求在代码中偶尔会出现。当出现这种情况时，不需要使用for循环重新实现它：它就存在于STL中，等待被使用。所有这些算法都有接受自定义比较函数（或函数对象）的重载版本，以便将值与小于运算符以外的其他内容进行比较。

三、现代C++的min 和 max 特性

3.1、C++ 11中的 std::initializer_list

在c++ 11中，std::min和std::max出现了新的重载。前面的代码只使用了两个(引用)值，为什么只局限于此呢?范围的情况由std::min_element和std::max_element覆盖，但是取不属于范围的几个值中的最小值也是有意义的。

在C++11中，std::min和std::max出现了新的重载函数。之前的函数只接受两个值（引用），为什么不扩展到接受更多值呢？对于一个范围的值，std::min_element和std::max_element可以处理，但是对于不在一个范围内的多个值的最小值也是有意义的。

新的重载通过接受std::initializer_list来实现这一点：

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

template<typename T> T min(std::initializer_list<T> ilist);

它可以这样用：

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

int minValue = std::min({4, 1, 5, 5, 8, 3, 7});

这个例子直接使用明文数字，std::initializer_list中也接受变量。

注意，与std::min和std::max的基本重载相反，返回的是较小(或较大)值的副本，而不再是引用。实际上，在基本重载中，引用绑定到实参，这对于初始化列表没有意义。

3.2、C++ 14中的 constexpr

C++ 14为目前看到的所有算法带来了新的constexpr重载。例如：

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

template<typename ForwardIt> constexpr ForwardIt max_element(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last);

这有两个显著的影响：

• 所有与min和max相关的算法都可用于计算编译时值，可用于模板参数。

• 编译器能够进行令人印象深刻的优化，并且在某些情况下能够完全消除与查找最小值或最大值相关的代码。

四、std::max的一个bug

std::max中有一个bug，并且这个bug正变得越来越明显。有人可能会想，这怎么可能呢？这样一个简单而广泛使用的函数怎么会有bug呢？

在特定情况下，当两个元素比较相等时(通过使用operator<或自定义比较器)，就会发生这种情况。然后min返回对第一个的引用，这是可以的，但是max也返回对第一个的引用。这很奇怪。因为期望是在一对元素中，最大值总是小于最小值。

这个 bug 的出现是因为std::max函数的实现使用了operator<来进行比较。当两个元素相等时，operator<返回false，而std::max会错误地将第一个元素视为最大值。

用一个示例来验证这个 bug：

展开

代码语言：C++

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AI代码解释

#include <iostream> #include <algorithm> int main() { int a = 5; int b = 5; int& maxRef = std::max(a, b); // 修改 a 的值 a = 10; std::cout << "Max value: " << maxRef << std::endl; return 0; }

预期输出应该是 “Max value: 10”，因为在代码中将a的值修改为 10。然而，由于std::max的 bug，实际输出会是 “Max value: 5”，因为maxRef仍然指向初始值较小的元素。

为了解决这个 bug，可以使用std::max的另一个重载版本，接受一个自定义的比较器作为参数，或者使用条件表达式a > b ? a : b来获取正确的最大值。

C++ 11中引入的新算法std::minmax纠正了这一点。minmax返回一个包含它接收到的两个值的最小值和最大值的值对（pair）。如果这些值相等，那么最小值是第一个，最大值是第二个。

代码语言：C++

自动换行

AI代码解释

template<typename T> std::pair<const T&,const T&> minmax(const T& a, const T& b);

std::minmax具有std::min和std::max的所有技术特性：

• 返回引用；

• 自定义比较；

• 对std::minmax_element、initializer_list和constexpr的支持。

五、总结

那么，读完这篇文章，还认为最小值和最大值真的那么简单吗？

最小值和最大值函数看似简单，但在实际使用中还是需要注意一些细节问题。

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